Adoption of Biometric System to Control ATM fraud Essay

Appropriation of Biometric System to Control ATM extortion - Essay Example Anticipating got notification from you and collaborate with you in giving business arrangements that offer an incentive to your clients. Yours dependably, Head of Business Security Systems Practical proposition about ATM misrepresentation Introduction Fraud endeavors focusing on Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) cards are on the ascent. Skimming is one of the strategies utilized by crooks for this situation where they output or duplicate individual data from the attractive portion of a charge card or ATM card. With this data, all the fraudsters need is phony ATMs and utilize the Personal Identification Number (PIN) to get to one’s financial balance and swindle clients. This has gone to the degree of bank-possessed ATMs with the ongoing level of this crime going as high as 24% in Europe (Abagnale 89). The demonstration is regularly executed by techno-clever people, where they utilize a microchip fixed at an ATM or cardholders which duplicates data from the attractive strip for a ll the cards that are being utilized on a given machine. The data is then replicated and imprinted on counterfeit cards. This has driven nations like Canada to receive more security for their ATM cards. A run of the mill model is the utilization of chip-and-PIN check cards which have more insurance as an additional layer of chip material. Cards created through this innovation are difficult to recreate along these lines diminished misfortunes because of card skimming (Bianchini et al., 233). Business exchanges world over are progressively being settled utilizing cards instead of money based repayments and along these lines, without grasping inventive advancements that intend to forestall extortion than discovery, card backers and clients will stay defenseless. As utilization of cards increments, so are ATM Fraudsters. Most card backers for the most part banks keep on acquiring gigantic expenses in wording remunerations, card substitution, and cost of putting resources into extortion avoidance and identification instrument. In this way, there is a requirement for card guarantors to be on the ball by enhancing and embracing far close to extortion confirmation innovations (Newman, 3-4). Proposed Solution Since the chip-and-PIN isn't idiot proof, we have to utilize the utilization of increasingly complex advances. One such innovation that has stood the trial of time is the biometric innovation, which includes mechanized ID and information catch (AIDC). The framework has computerized strategies for confirming the personality of people utilizing physiological credits instead of the chip and PIN, which includes manual entering in of data on a console. Ordinarily, the innovation works by catching the physiological or social qualities just because which is then put away in a focal database. Data recorded may incorporate facial properties or fingerprints. Each time a client gets to a state of administrations, introduced gadgets catches, confirms and recognizes the indivi dual and afterward gives them get to. Since it is practically difficult to mimic one’s physiological characteristics, this innovation is more prescribed to card guarantors. The innovation has been tried in both private and open establishments with exceptional achievement. Truth be told, most associations are currently moving towards selection of this technology.â

Embryonic Stem Cells Research Essay -- Biology, Science Experiment

Early stage undeveloped cells research is an extremely clashing subject in the United States. A few people imagine that it is ethically and strictly off base as they are murdering a human life at the primary phase of life. While some think it is alright on the grounds that the human life to them begins at the phase of the embryo. In this paper we will talk about the complete perspective significance: how the administration takes playThe expectation of this exploration paper is to illuminate about the advantages of creature testing for mankind through the advancement of clinical medicines and the personal satisfaction from the beginning of time. Additionally attempt to convince the general public that is against this training about the numerous positive factors that has given us the creature analyzes in the fight against infections and conditions. By which today are effectively destroyed numerous infections and irritations that used to be lethal. At last, we will likewise show our own contentions profiting ourselves of certain books and articles distributed on the web about this disputable issue. Our own motivations are to uncover the numerous positive factors that have creature testing on the couple of detriments that a few associations as a rule intentionally overstated. Creature Testing We chose to do this exploration about the creature testing on the grounds that is one of the issues that have produced more discussion worldwide throughout the years. Like any issue that is a universal moral quandary, there is consistently a piece of the general public that bolsters, and another that censures it. We plan through this exploration to decide the reasons why we're all for this training and bolster it completely. To fortify this perspective in this work we have included three arti... ...kes, Alzheimer, birth surrenders, organ transplant and some more. Envision how others will profit by those investigations. We might be even ready to help different nations with the investigation of early stage immature microorganism. We could spare people’s lives or make them live somewhat longer until a genuine fix is found. We have audited numerous territories of early stage foundational microorganisms. We have plates how the administration takes play in the examination of early stage undeveloped cells. We likewise contact how undeveloped undifferentiated cells are made, and that there are various approaches to take early stage immature microorganisms without decimating the incipient organism. At long last we had the option to discover one FDA affirmed trail continuing including undeveloped undifferentiated cell research. We still haven’t chose if this is a fortunate or unfortunate examination as there are a wide range of viewpoints and purpose of perspectives on this discussion point. Supposition we need to settle on a truce on this one.

college essay -- essays research papers

Achievements for my school years My name will be NAME. I am Age and I live in WHERE YOU LIVE in certainty I have lived here for my entire life. I am at present going to SCHOOL NAME, which has set me up for my future at a school or college level. I started working with kids and youth at an early age. This started as the pioneer of amusement day camps and training youth ball groups, and before long drove me to my present vocation way. At the point when I was sixteen I was exceptionally appreciative to be drawn closer about planning and executing a program for youth. It was a great encounter for me, giving me information and certainty. Throughout the years I have helped the rec center educators in my secondary school and worked with the slow-witted. They recommedned me for this program due to my athletic ...

International Economic Problems Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Worldwide Economic Problems - Coursework Example It gauges the normal cost of merchandise comparative with the normal cost of products of exchanging accomplices. a. The Calculation of the multilateral exchange weighted yearly U.S. dollar trade rates (USD per unit of remote money) regarding four significant exchanging accomplices of the United States: Canada, Mexico, China, and Germany, from 2007 (typical time) to 2013 (not all that ordinary time) includes accumulation that take the accompanying structure: (Please note that loads are the volumes of US exchange (sends out + imports) with each exchanging accomplices). The loads for the j monetary standards remembered for the TWI are then determined by re-scaling the exchange shares so they entirety to 100. The opposite of the portion of exchange represented by the monetary standards remembered for the TWI bin, which make up in any event 90 percent of U.S’s absolute product and administrations two-way exchange. c. Ascertain the genuine estimation of multilateral exchange weighted month to month normal U.S. dollar trade rates (use CPI of every country to change over ostensible swapping scale to genuine conversion scale. List the genuine estimations of multilateral exchange weighted trade rates (2007 = 100). d. With assistance of exceed expectations make two line charts of the multilateral exchange weighted-normal month to month trade rates (the ostensible and the genuine). Compose a short paper (around 100 words) on the exhibition of exchange weighted U.S. dollar trade rates and its potential impacts on U.S. exchange with significant exchanging accomplices. The conversion scale assumes a significant job in the tradable part of the U.S. economy since developments in the swapping scale influence both the interest and gracefully of fare and imports. The ascent and fall of the swapping scale of the significant exchanging accomplices of the U.S. is in this way a significant point to the investigation of the U.S. economy. The unsteady outside money estimation of the dollar over the previous years and the expansion in the U.S. value swelling as of late have caused undulated weight and worries on the devaluing estimation of the U.S. dollar. Both

Do movies matter anymore Essay Example For Students

Do motion pictures make a difference any longer? Paper Motion pictures dont matter any longer. Talk about the chief Steven Soderberghs proclamation according to the ascent of TV dramatizations, utilizing the case of True Detective (Cary Joji Fukunaga, 2012) and another arrangement of decision. Word Count: 1475 Eliot Davie K1415325 Steven Soderbergh states that Movies dont matter any more yet it very well may be contended whichever way regarding whether this announcement is valid and furthermore to what degree it is valid or bogus. With the ongoing ascent in notoriety of TV shows since 2008, numerous inquiries have been posed about the significance, need and comparability of full length films in todays evolving society. Many would contend that the retirement of the film business is simply not a chance, even against referred to TV dramatization powerhouses, for example, Breaking Bad (Vince Gilligan, 2008 2013) and True Detective (Cary Joji Fukanaga, 2014 Present). In any case, it is TV dramatization arrangement, for example, these that have been the upgrade for such discussions concerning the creation of movies as of late. Chief Steven Soderbergh, the movie producer behind Magic Mike, Traffic, and the Oceans Eleven arrangement, communicated his perspectives on the issue during a meeting with New York Magazine in January of 2013 in which he likewise reported his retirement from the Hollywood business. Soderbergh likewise blamed Hollywood for treating executives with an undeniably improper way in the course of recent years and cases this to be one of the essential explanations behind his retirement. He clarified that in his initial encounters of filmmaking regard was given to the individuals who made extraordinary motion pictures, and particularly to those individuals who made motion pictures that raked in tons of cash. Where as these days there is by all accounts a ton of strain and disarray with regards to who find out about what the crowds need. Is it the executives or the individuals financing the film? Perhaps the most compelling motivation that there is hypothesis around whether motion pictures matter any longer isn't a direct result of the different TV arrangement that are discharged each week, but since of the foundation of conveyance that organizations utilize to get their substance to the crowd, and that stage is web gushing. Organizations like Netflix, Amazon Prime, HBO GO and even Apple TV are all in rivalry with each other to be the best Internet gushing substance supplier there is. In July 2014 Netflix declared their endorser base had arrived at 50 million all around and in a split second designated a US$7. 7 billion financial plan for gushing the entirety of their substance, both unique and documented, and none of their rivals have had the option to coordinate it. The spending that Amazon Prime has for spilling al of its substance is simply over the sum that Netflix spends on True Detective alone. In any case, even their broad stock of gushing movies appears to be increasingly more like an expansion to the estimation of a membership, instead of motivation to buy in any case. Basically, the essential explanation individuals buy in is for all the distinctive TV arrangement, not the film library they offer. The two fundamental purposes behind this are, right off the bat, the permit constraints that these organizations despite everything face the same number of the greatest hit films are not accessible to stream (here and there for timeframes as long as seven months after film discharge) and they likewise come up short on countless exemplary movies and fan top choices. Furthermore, this is because of the diminishing significance of movies in todays mainstream society, though film was once at the apex of mainstream society accomplishment. An inquiry that is usually posed by spilling organizations is Would the normal supporter get a handle on a greater amount of touch with mainstream society of they havent seen 2013s most noteworthy earning film, Iron Man 3, or in the event that they didnt know what The Red Wedding (Game of Thrones occasion) was? At last, the plans of action that web spilling organizations have is better than every other foundation of substance conveyance for various reasons, most eminently, allowing the paying crowds the chance to observe any accessible substance on request, additionally with the additional advantage of not interfering with gushing with commercials. .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16 , .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16 .postImageUrl , .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16 , .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16:hover , .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16:visited , .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16:active { border:0!important; } .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16:active , .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16:hover { darkness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: r elative; } .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc41ee8b87 21b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc41ee8b8721b6a5cec09c40868f6ef16:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Watching motion pictures at home or at the cinemas EssayBoth of Seth Rogens 2014 discharges, The Interview and Neighbors, are an ideal model that can be utilized to draw out a correlation between discharging content on computerized gushing or in cinemas. When Sony chose to discharge The Interviewdigitally, film industry enthusiasts have been very glad to pronounce triumph for internet gushing over conventional showy conveyance. As the motion pictures income reports abounded in first $15 million, at that point $30 million, and now over $40 million from web spilling and on request benefits. Not long after, Amazon said something that broke the expectations of star spilling enthusiasts by joining showy discharges into their recently reported arrangement. To discharge twelve films per year in theaters, and have them discharged before they are accessible to stream on the web. We live during a time where any sort of showy discharge, even one that isnt gainful, gives an enormous lift to a movies esteem generally. Numerous individuals have now scrutinized the thought processes behind Amazons responsibility, Why are they making a stride back when they have put such a great amount into the eventual fate of internet spilling? We can look at the income that The Interview produced from advanced discharges to the income it missed from dramatic discharges. Much of the time, the income split on a dramatic discharged film is typically a half 50 %split between the studio and all theaters, so had The Interview made $40 million in film industry then Sony would have made $20 million generally, while with advanced discharges the split is unquestionably more in the studios favor and offers an estimated 70%-30% income split, which means the equivalent $40 million would have given Sony $28 million income, this evidently gives the bit of leeway to web gushing. In any case, given the unique conditions at the hour of the movies discharge it is protected to accept that had The Interview been discharged in theaters worldwide the complete income created would have been evaluated at $350 million. When contrasted with Neighbors, Rogens other featuring highlight of 2014, it turns out to be certain that the confinement for achievement of a showy discharge is still a lot more prominent than some other advanced discharge, as it produced $49 million in the initial end of the week alone. Basically, when these income numbers are contrasted with those of the TV Dramas True Detective and Breaking Bad it very well may be effectively demonstrated that films of today are still diversion goliaths. The whole arrangement of Breaking Bad (with an aggregate of 46. 5 hours of substance) figured out how to create simply over $85 million, averaging out at $1. 37 million a scene and attracting 6 million watchers per week. Generally this levels out to $1. 83 million every hour of substance. The equivalent can be said for True Detective as every scene was attracting a similar number of watchers and its first season made just shy of $14million, totaling in at $1. 7 million every hour of substance. In spite of the fact that these millions may appear to be amazingly fulfilling, they are as yet put down by the numbers that are delivered by motion pictures like Neighbors, which figured out how to produce $270 million, totaling a huge $167 million every hour of substance. One of the primary reasons that films of today are still so fruitful (particularly when contrasted with TV arrangement) in theaters is on the grounds that crowd individuals are not ready to contribute 8-13 hours of their time into a TV arrangement that could conceivably have a closed account, though they are more than ready to invest ~2 hours of their energy with a film that gives a comparative degree of diversion. In general I would contend that motion pictures of today despite everything matter and are not thr

Grab a glass for Raising The Bar NYC COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Grab a glass for Raising The Bar NYC COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Starting today, you may RSVP to attend a networking/mini-series event in NYC, known as Raising the Bar. Raising the Bar is a worldwide initiative aimed at making education a part of a city’s popular culture. We create one of a kind, knowledge-driven events in unusual locations. Our goal is to raise the bar on the content people consume in their everyday lives. We want to constantly be inspired, inside and outside of the classroom. Thats why we decided to bring the citys brightest minds to the last place you would expect them: in your neighborhood bar. So grab a drink and come learn how to build a spaceship. Six of SIPAs brightest minds are participating in this edition of Raising the Bar. Each professor has something unique to contribute to the international affairs and public policy conversation. More information on each lecturer and their presentations are below.   June 2, 2015 Events in NYC Review our list  of participating SIPA professors and NYC-area bars,  or click on each participant below to learn more and register for their event.

Methodist in Christian Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary - 1925 Words

Methodist in Christian: Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Course:Lecturer:Institution:Methodist in ChristianGordon Conwell Theological Seminary estimated the existence of about 43000 Christian denominations throughout the world by the year 2012. A religious denomination is a group that usually comprises a number of local churches and is usually larger than a sect. It can also be defined as a smaller group under a religion that carries out its operations under a common identity, tradition and has a common name (Dictionary.com). It refers to a number of Christian denominations available, for instance, Anglicanism, Roman Catholicism, Methodism, and Eastern Orthodox among others. The Methodist movement is made up of the Protestant Christianity who derives their teachings and inspiration from John Wesley. These denominations are due to various different interpretations of scriptures, unique beliefs and differing theological positions. Some similarities also arise in the way they operate, for instance, most of them belief in the existence of only one Supreme Being whom they worship, God. This essay discusses the theological positions that separate the available various denominations, rituals unique to each of them and finalizes by discussing their stance on divisive issues.[John and his brother Charles Wesley together with George Whitefield are considered to be the founders of The Methodist Church. They founded it during the 18th century and it is currently the second largest Protestant Church after the Southern Baptist Convention.] Theological Positions that Separate the Major DenominationsThe first and major theological position that separates the available denominations is the interpretations of the Eucharist. The Roman Catholic Church views this occurrence as the transubstantiation. They believe that when the bread and wine are taken they are transformed to the blood, body, divinity and soul of Christ but the accidents, those are the chemical characteristics of the wine and bread remain. The Method ist church rejects this view of the Catholic Church. They acknowledge that the Eucharist is a means of grace through which the presence of Christ is communicated to the believer but do not give further interpretation (Discipleship). The Orthodox Church on the other hand believes that the Eucharist is actually transformed to the body and blood of Christ (Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East - Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon). The Anglicans have various opinions regarding the Eucharist, they believe the bread and wine represent a visible outward and visible sign of Christ the body and blood of Christ represents the spiritual and inward grace that is derived from it. Therefore, the theological position regarding the Eucharist is one of the major factors that separate the various Christian denominations.[The word "Eucharist" is usually seen to have a similar meaning with "Thanksgiving." It began during the Last Supper shared by Christ to his disciples. A ll the apostles of Christ were available. Christ took bread and wine and shared it to his disciples during the occasion.] The other theological position that separates the various available denominations is that of justification. It is defined as the act of purification or Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s removal of sin from man and the declaration of all sinners righteous through sacrificial of his son, Christ. Catholics and other Orthodox Christians regard the initial justification, which occurs during baptism of an individual and then there is also permanent justification which one accomplishes through accomplishing Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s will throughout their lifetime. On the other hand, the Protestants view justification as a one-time occurrence where God declares an individual who was initially unrighteous righteous. They support their argument by citing 2 Corinthians 5:21. Justification is regarded as a major factor that led to the division of Protestants from Catholics during the famous Protestant Reformation (Aland, p. 13-14). This shows that the theological interpretation of justification is one of the reasons that separate the various denominations.[The Protestant Reformation which is commonly referred to as the Reformation took place during the 16th century. It was led by famous Reformers like Henry VIII, Martin Luther and John Calvin who opposed the papal authority and his power to determine the Christian practice.] The creeds and confessions are also a major interpretation that separates the available denominations. The three widely known creeds all over the world are the Apostle creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed. Creeds and confession are summaries noted down regarding the Christian faith. Different creeds came into existence to serve varied purposes. The Methodists or sometimes referred to as Wesleyans believe in the Apostles and Nicene creeds. The Catholics believe in a number of creeds but the major ones are the Apostles and Nicene creeds (Catechism, 2nd ed.). The Orthodox believe in the Nicene Creed while the Lutherans believe in the three major creeds, those are the Nicene, Apostle and Athanasian creeds. The theological belief in different creeds is therefore another major factor that separates the available denominations.Rituals Unique to a Number of Major DenominationsThere are certain rituals that are unique to the various available denominations. The unique ritual could have been the major factor that led to the formation of the denomination or it could have been the major reason as to why the denomination exists and it separates them from the rest. The United Methodist church does not present an overall method for practising the communion ritual. It allows for diversity in the whole process. This results to some churches holding the ritual monthly, weekly or quarterly. The ritual involves the usage of grape juice and leavened bread or use of the traditional communion wines and waters (Smith p. 118-124). This ritual and it s way of practice are unique to the Methodist church.The other unique ritual to the Methodist church is the practice of three stages in the purification of man from sins. The three stages are prevenient grace, justifying and sanctifying. They are observed in that order. Prevenient is acknowledged so as to save mankind from the error in their ways. Justifying grace is observed by everyone for the reason of repentance of their sins and to receive forgiveness from God. Lastly, the sanctifying grace is given to the followers when have been fully saved from their sins and the sins of this world. It is believed that people receive blessings from these graces by the Holy Spirit at different times. This is unique to the Methodist church and no other denomination observes them in that order.The Roman Catholic Church has rituals unique to it too. It has a number of rituals as compared to the other denominations which only practice a few. Examples of rituals practiced in the Catholic church in clude the mass, confession, baptism, praying the rosary, receiving communion, last rites, lighting candles in the remembrance of dead, making of the cross sign and many others which some consider out-dated. The last rites rituals are unique to the Catholic Church and it involves the preparation of the dying personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s soul for death. The priest is called and makes some prayers which are believed to help purify the soul of the dying individual (Patheos.com). The Catholic also makes the sign of the cross during the mass. It is done to invoke the Holy Trinity and it is a reminder to the believers of the cross that it saved mankind from the sins. They revere the cross as a symbol of salvation to mankind. It has been in use since the church began and it is made before the mass begins and when the mass ends, also during some occasions when the mass is on-going.[The mass is the main ritual and it comprises of a number of the under mentioned events. That is the making of the cross s ign, taking of the Eucharist, and confession among others.] The Catholics also practice the lighting of candles during the mass. The candles are usually burned to show solidarity with all the Christians on earth. The candles are left to burn silently throughout the mass and therefore they are usually compared to the silent vigils. They are usually followed with prayers of waiting or attention. They are therefore burned to show that the people are seeking a favour from God. It might be a favour to forgive their sinful nature or seeking help for the problems in the world (FSP and FSP, p.45-53). They also see it as living through the words of God in The Old testament "I am the Light of the World." This ritual is believed to have been in existence since the presence of the martyrs. This practice is unique to the Catholic Church and even though some other denominations might practice it, they do so to a smaller extent.The Anglican Church has a number of its rituals similar to those of t he Catholic Church. For instance, the observance of the Eucharist and having godparents is regarded similar to those of the Roman Catholic Church. The Anglicans have a ritual where the congregation just sits to listen to the choral musing being played with little or no participation at all. It is referred to as the ritual of Cathedral Worship. The members believe that during this ritual, they worship God through listening. The other ritual they practice is where the current priests and the Ordaining bishop lay their hands on the new priests as gesture of welcoming them to priesthood. These are some of the unique rituals of the Anglican denomination.The Stance of Various Denominations Regarding a Number of Divisive IssuesDifferent denominations often establish different positions on a number of i...

The Main Tents Of Ethical Leadership Essay - 1346 Words

The main tents of ethical leadership in public service is for leaders to be transparent, accountable, and professional to have a successful organization. Committed leaders will exemplify professionalism for followers and possessing the motivation to achieve organizational goals. Naturally, to be professional is to comprehend the significance of roles and performance in public service. Accountability is important to the functionality of a public organization. And transparency in public administration is needed to be sure the public has information handy (Haq, 2011). Leaders possess certain skills to distinguish between ethical and unethical acts. Technical, conceptual, interpersonal skills along with emotional and social intelligence contribute to proper understanding of ethical dilemmas, ethical decision making and dissemination and establishment of ethical values. When developed these skills can show leader how to strive for greater ethics oriented in public service (Haq, 2011). LaTisha feels possessing technical skills help a leader to become more efficient and responsive. Therefore, making them informative about rules and regulations that helps to create rule of law, accountability and transparency. It is less likely that unethical behavior would be a factor. In addition, conceptual skills support the leaders in effective planning, organizing and problem solving. These skills are extremely beneficial in the event of ethical dilemmas and conflicts of interest. TheseShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership876 Words   |  4 Pagesbstract This paper is to define the definition of leadership, and how its breakdown of various leadership styles and theories. I will also focus on more than one leadership style on what is to believe the best aligns thoughts of what leadership should mean. The leadership style is a mixed character of leadership that combines the transformational and servant leadership theories in to Healthcare. 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Impact Of Poverty And Education On Children Development - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2350 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/14 Category Education Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Children Essay Poverty Essay Did you like this example? Reflection Poverty is the state of scarcity or the lack of specific things. Such things may include possessions or money that is essential for humans to make their life better or comfortable. According to Foster and James, poverty is defined as the state of someone who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact Of Poverty And Education On Children Development" essay for you Create order Therefore, one who requires good health, who cannot have access to the right medical attention, or cannot afford to take the precautions to avoid the illness is said to be in poverty. Poverty is measured regarding social, political, and economic elements (Petterson, 2011 pp1794-1813). The extreme lack of the necessities is referred to as ?absolute poverty. One is faced with the complete absence of the primary and personal needs such as shelter, clothing, and or food in the state. Another state is relative poverty that occurs when one in a particular country does not have access to the specified minimum level of living standards in comparison to the other people in the same region (Guo, 2010 pp 431-447). As such, the definition of relative poverty varies from one state to another or even from community to another. Poverty influences the life of children primarily, as they develop to become adults. Education is an initiative that facilitates acquisition and utilization of knowledge, habits, values, skills, and beliefs. Teaching as a process promotes learning and thus eliminates ignorance among the community. Education often is meant for children as they mature. However, adults also engage in the learning process to increase their knowledge. As such, culture differs depending on age, profession, likes, and interests and depending on the government plans. The methods of facilitating education include teaching, training, storytelling, directed research, and discussion (Barnett, 2008 pp 204-207). The setting of the process may be either formal or informal. Education is believed to be the tool that enlightens people and help them to find solutions for the challenges they face. As such, it is a means that aid in reducing poverty among the citizens and facilitate growth. Similarly, poverty may be a hindrance for some children to access quality education and thus the problem will preva il. Poverty and education profoundly influence the development of children. Poverty is a challenge that needs to be overcome if the children will have a good life worth of living (Guo, 2010 pp 431-447). When it strikes, the kids cannot have access to necessities, and thus it hinders development. The World Bank defines poverty as having many phases. The indicators of poverty according to economic and social inclusion corporation of the World Bank are hunger, sickness and not being in a position to seek medical attention, lack of shelter, inability to read and not having access to school, lack of a job (Aber, 2007 pp 463-483). Other factors are living a day at a time, fear for the future, and inability to participate in recreational activities. Economists define poverty as lack money to purchase basic needs. According to them, money is the core aspect that defines poverty. When one has money, he or she can have access to the other necessities such as food, education, and shelter. Effects of Poverty and Education on Children Development Access to education and its outcomes are primarily influenced by the family income. Children from poor background often begin school late than their equals from high-income families. Parents with low income will not afford to pay for their kids learning process until they are old enough to take themselves to school and back. However, the wealthy parents will take their children to school earlier since they can afford to employ caretakers who will be responsible for making the kids to and from classes (Barnett, 2008 pp 204-207). Additionally, when the children get to school, the challenges posed by poverty continue to haunt the students. As such, the depth, social networks, timing, incidence community aspects, and duration of poverty affect the education performance of kids (Grantham-McGregor, 2007 pp 60-70). The government and the parents have many roles to play to enhance poverty eradication and thus promote education process. This paper looks at the various areas that are influence d by poverty in the lives of children. Additionally, the measures to handle the challenges are provided to ensure the creation of a knowledgeable community by ensuring that all the children have access to education at all times. Academics Poverty affects the childrens performance adversely at school. The families may lack the capability of providing all that is needed for the children to succeed in college. For instance, the children may not have enough to eat, access the desired shelter, or have enough clothing. Additionally, the parents will not manage to buy all that is necessary for them to go to school and concentrate on their studies (Brooks-Gunn, 2007 pp 55-71). Paying the fees and for other activities may be difficult for the parents and so the students may be sent home frequently. As such, the children will not be able to concentrate on their studies as most of the times they will be experiencing inconveniences. The schools in the poor neighborhood also lack all the necessary items for them to provide the required knowledge to the students. Such institutions also lack enough and qualified staff members to teach the students. Since the parents cannot afford to pay much money and in time, the management hires t he less qualified teachers and other staff members who can accept the poor pay. The children who live in poverty are more likely to experience high dropout rates and lower academic achievement (Shannon, 2008 p 32). Therefore, poverty is a condition that should be addressed if the educational sector will improve and assure all children quality education. Social/ Emotional development Poverty and poor education access for children may as well result in adverse social and emotional development for children. The students who live in the poor background are likely to acquire both behavior and emotional challenges (Biddle, 2014 p 2-6). For instance, such kids will have difficulties in getting along with others and especially peers; they will be disobedience, impulsive and isolated. Therefore, the children will never have self-esteem or insight to move on and pursue their dreams. As such, the kids become miserable, and their will do anything that comes their way. Parents living in poverty as well have no much time stay and advise their children, and thus they have no one close to give them directions (Connell, 2014. Pp 125-150). The children thus do what they think is right for them or follow what their peers are doing who might be misleading them. Therefore, their social and emotional development is weak, and thus they live a life of isolation and hatred. The children will not perform well in school even if they were allowed to stay and therefore their future becomes dull as time passes. Poverty makes it harder for students to cope with the stressful environment. However, with proper counseling, the kids can reform and interact with the others as desired and thus succeed in education and other life matters. Health Access to excellent medical services is a challenge to children living in poverty. The problems begin at birth as the kids are born with low weight, which results in early health issues. Since the parents cannot afford proper medical care or the hospitals around such people, do not have all the necessary equipment to offer reliable care. Therefore, the kids experience health issues while young and haunt them as they grow. Another risk is lack of access to routine preventive and emergency medical and thus are likely to suffer from poor nutrition (Aber, 2007 pp 463-483). According to a study conducted in the US, health challenges always comes with other related problems such as frequent missing the schools, often admitted in hospitals, and suffer high death rates. As such, without a foundation of good health, a child may not reach critical developmental objectives such as learning, attaining good grades, and getting employment. Health as necessity may divert the attention of other need s since it is fundamental (Petterson, 2011 pp1794-1813). Poverty, therefore, inhibits both physical and psychological development in children by causing health issues. The government should put more resources in the health sector to ensure that all pregnant mothers, as well as the growing children both at school and at homes, access medical services at all times. Outdoor Play Spaces Children who are living in poverty lack access to safe outdoor play spaces such as playgrounds, wooded areas, and green spaces. For the full development of a child, he or she needs to have access to areas where they will play with peers. As such, children will be able to interact and develop both physically and emotionally. The most areas faced with poverty are the slums and overcrowded places with less space for such activities. According to the researches done, children need areas for outdoor activities or other events from birth to the age of five years since they promote developmental outcomes that cannot be achieved indoors (McLoyd, 2008 p185). As such, the kids who cannot access such fields will not have the developmental results and thus they are like will not be like the others. Additionally, the availability of natural features in a play station such as hills, sand, grass, running water and trees enhances the bond between nature and thus proper growth. Such resources cannot be accessed in the highly populated places where poverty is experienced (Shannon, 2008 p 32). The government is mandated to provide suitable housing for all the people and secure the public areas designated for play and other activities. Access to Information The understanding the knowledge regarding the development plans and the ways to support them is hindered by poverty. Every citizen has the right to access to information. However, one is responsible for looking for the information by purchasing the necessary appliances. The children who grow in areas filled with poverty may not access the essential details on national developments (Huston, 2011). Access to information makes one responsible in all he or she does. As such, the students will not have a driving force towards the state development. On the contrary, the children who have access to information will be motivated to see the plans come into reality. They are likely to excel in their studies as they work hard to understand their nation develop. In the same ways, the parents are expected to be illiterate, and they will not be able to motivate their children accordingly (Levin, 2015 p 28-35). It is the governments responsibility to ensure that every citizen is aware of its plan and agendas for development so that they all can take part in the achievement of such ideas. Recreation, Sports and Family Time Poverty inhibits the recreational activities, sports programs, and time for the family interactions. The children will be busy with other activities such as helping their parents raise their daily meals. As such, the children will not have time to interact with the others of their age and share jokes and other relevant messages for developments. Since the parents have low income and less to spend in their homes, they will be much occupied to find necessities for their children and thus less time for family matters. Children with talents will not have the opportunity to develop it since the required resources such playgrounds, musical instruments, and other materials are rarely available in areas dominated by poverty (Van der Berg, 2008 p28). Children need more space and time to play and have fun so that they can experience both physical and emotional growth. Family time is also helpful since it creates a strong bond among the members and promotes peaceful coexistence that lasts even when the kids are full-grown (Huston, 2011). It is the responsibility of the adults and the authorities to nature the talents of the kids so that they can utilize them to better their future as well as the community around them. Conclusion Poverty and education profoundly influence the development of children. Poverty is a problem that needs solutions for the children to have a prosperous life worth of living. Poverty hinders the access to education, and thus the children will not be enlightened on the matters concerning their respective stage of life. Education plays a significant role in the passing of information and knowledge to generations and thus ensures continuity in the country. A school is a tool that enlightens people and helps them to find solutions to the challenges faced (Duncan, 2010 pp 188-196). Similarly, poverty may be a hindrance for some children to access quality education and thus the problem will prevail. As such, it is a means that aid in reducing poverty among the citizens and facilitate growth. References Barnett, W.S., 2008. Long-term cognitive and academic effects of early childhood education on children in poverty. Preventive Medicine, 27(2), pp.204-207. Biddle, B., 2014. Social class, poverty and education. Routledge. Brooks-Gunn, J. and Duncan, G.J., 2007. The effects of poverty on children. The future of children, pp.55-71. Connell, R., 2014. Poverty and education. Harvard Educational Review, 64(2), pp.125-150. Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y.B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., Strupp, B. and International Child Development Steering Group, 2007. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. The lancet, 369(9555), pp.60-70. Guo, G. and Harris, K.M., 2010. The mechanisms mediating the effects of poverty on childrens intellectual development. Demography, 37(4), pp.431-447. Huston, A.C. ed., 2011. Children in poverty: Child development and public policy. Cambridge University Press. Levin, B., 2015. Poverty and Education. Education Canada, 35(2), pp.28-35. McLoyd, V.C., 2008. Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American psychologist, 53(2), p.185. Petterson, S.M. and Albers, A.B., 2011. Effects of poverty and maternal depression on early child development. Child development, 72(6), pp.1794-1813 Shannon, P., 2008. Reading Poverty. Heinemann, 88 Post Road West, Box 5007, Westport, CT 06881-5007; Fax: 203-222-1502 Van der Berg, S., 2008. Poverty and education. Education policy series, 10, p.28. Aber, J.L., Bennett, N.G., Conley, D.C. and Li, J., 2007. The effects of poverty on child health and development. Annual review of public health, 18(1), pp.463-483 Duncan, G.J. and BrooksGunn, J., 2010. Family poverty, welfare reform, and child development. Child development, 71(1), pp.188-196

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The Sarbanes Oxley Act s Purpose Essay - 1537 Words

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Chapter Paper Free Essays

Chapter III – Methodology A. Materials Materials| Quantity| Amount| Talbos ng Kamote (Ipomoea batatas) leaves| 5 – 10| -| Rubbing Alcohol| 1 bottle| P 15| Okra| 5| P 10| Lemon| 1| P 12| Recycled Bottle| 1| -| Bowl and spoon| 1| -| water| 1 glass| -| Container| 1| -| -| -| Total: P 37| B. Procedure Slice two Okras into 4 pieces. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Put a glass of water and the okra into an empty container. Leave it for a day. After a day, squeeze the Okras and get its extract. Put it on the bowl. Get the seeds of the Okra using the spoon. After that, get the extract of the leaves by chopping the Talbos ng Kamote (Ipomoea batatas) leaves into smaller pieces and squeezing it. Mix it with the gel. Put a spoonful of Alcohol. And squeeze the lemon fruit for fragrance. Put all the mixed ingredients in to a bottle. Chapter V – Conclusion and Recommendations A. Conclusion The researchers established different facts that Antibacterial Herbal Hand Sanitizer can be an alternative for water and soap in killing bacteria or germs in our hands. It is very effective in cleaning our hand. The researchers concluded that Talbos ng Kamote (Ipomoea batatas) can be used as the main ingredient in making an antibacterial herbal sanitizer, lemon fruit add fragrance in our output and with the help of rubbing alcohol. The researchers are very confident that the product became successful. B. Recommendations The researchers recommend you to make this hand sanitizer. This hand sanitizer is very useful to each one of us. This can help you to fight germs in your hands. The hand sanitizer is not hard to make. It is very handy and it can be an accessory to your bag. In analyzing the result that the researchers made, the researchers recommend you some instructions to come up with a better result. Lessen the rubbing alcohol and put more okra extract to make your sanitizer jelly. Make sure that the recycled bottles have been thoroughly cleaned in soapy water so that the other dirt are gone. This just looks better to have no mixture with old and new ones. How to cite Chapter Paper, Essay examples

HIH Casualty and General Insurance †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the HIH Casualty and General Insurance. Answer: Introduction: The issue before the court in this case was the HIH Casualty and General Insurance had given undocumented, unsecured amount $10 million to Pacific Legal Equity in June 2000. The company was under the management of Adler and he was also the trustee of Australian Equity's Unit Trust. This was the time when Adler was also acting as a nonexecutive director through Adler Corporation, as this company was a major shareholder of HIH. After PEE receives the loan amount, it also became a trustee of Australian Equity's Unit Trust. Later on, shares of HIH worth $4 million were also purchased by this company when PEE sold these shares, because it had suffered a loss of $2 million. The shares of HIH were purchased by PEE for the purpose of giving an erroneous impression to the investors of HIH that nothing was wrong with the company. Simultaneously, PEE also bought different unlisted shares for a value of $4 million in a number of communication technology companies from Adler Corporation. The resu lt of all these investments was that the company lost nearly $2 million. AEUT had given this money to Adler Corporation under trust. However, the company undertook these transactions without informing the boot of the corporation and also without obtaining the consent of the shareholders. Similarly, it failed to inform the board of the company and also the members of the investment committee. The required documentation was not completed before giving this loan and in the same way, the company also failed to take proper security for the loan. The reason behind these actions was to avoid the attention of the other directors of HIH. On the basis of the above-mentioned facts, it can be said that this was a unique and complicated case. The reason was that in case, there were a number of breaches of the duties of the directors. Several duties have been described for the directors by the statutory law under the Corporations Act and also by the common law. The effect of this bad corporate governance was the collapse of HIH. The provisions of statutory law that were breached in this case was provisions mentioned in section 180 requiring the directors to act with care and diligence, the provisions of s. 181, according to which the directors should act with good faith, s. 182 which prevents the directors from using their position improperly, s183 prohibiting the directors from improperly using the information and section 260A, which is related with financial assistance. Another relevant provision is present in section 9, Corporations Act, which gives the definition of the term director and provides the a person can be considered as a director of the corporation if such person is formally appointed as director, irrespective of the name used for the position. In this regard, section 9 also provides that certain persons can be treated as the directors even if they have not been validly appointed to this position. Therefore, these positions are treated by the law as directors, although they were not appointed formally as such. In view of this provision, shadow directors and the de facto directors are also treated by the law as the directors of the corporation. This section also explains the term officer of the company. For this purpose, the officers of the company include the executives of the company who are holding senior positions. In some cases, the officers of the company include the persons who have the authority to make decisions or take part in decisions that have positive impact on the business activities of the company. Therefore, the persons having the authority to have significant influence on the financial position of the company are also considered as being included in the term, 'officers'. A very important duty prescribed for the directors is present in section 180. It has been mentioned in s180(1) that according to this duty, the directors under an obligation to use their powers by using the same care and diligence that can be expected in case of any reasonable person if that person is holding the position of a director in a company under similar circumstances. In this context, it has been mentioned by the law that the executive directors also need to be considered as full-time employees and therefore, they should be involved in the routine management of the company. At the same time, executive directors have special responsibilities, and as a result, it is vital that the executive directors should have sufficient understanding of the affairs concerning the routine management of the corporation. As against the other directors, it is considered that the nonexecutive directors act, part-time however the law requires that these directors and should also be often occupied in running the affairs of the company. On the other hand, the Corporations Act has also provided a defense to the directors. Section 181(2) incorporates the business judgment rule of the common law. According to this rule when a director has made a business judgment, such director cannot be considered as being responsible for the judgment for the breach of duty of care and diligence if the elements of business judgment rule are satisfied. For this purpose, it needs to be seen that the judgment was made by the director for proper purpose and in good faith. The director should not have any personal interest concerning the judgment. It is also required that the director has properly informed himself or herself in case of the judgment to a reasonable extent. It is also required for the purpose of availing the defense provided by the business judgment rule that the directors should be under the impression that they are making the business judgment in the best interests of their company. In this way the protection provided to t he directors under the common law by the business judgment rule has also been incorporated in the Corporations Act. Therefore, the directors can use this defense for the purpose of escaping liability concerning the business judgments that they have made if it can be established by the directors that they acted in good faith and to protect the best interests of the company. The purpose behind providing this defense to the directors is that in routine cases, it is natural that while certain decisions made by the directors will be profitable for the company, it is also possible that on account of certain decisions made by the directors, the company will have to face a loss even if the directors have made the decision rationally and in good faith. Another relevant duty that has been mentioned in the Management Corporations Act is present in section 182. This duty requires that the directors should refrain from using their powers improperly. It can be said that the power has been used improperly by the directors, if these powers were use by the directors for a cleaning your personal benefit. Similarly, another duty is present in section 183, which prohibits the directors from improperly using the information that has been received by them. When any information has been received by the director, on account of their position in the company, the law requires that such information should not be used improperly. The improper use of information takes place when such information is used for obtaining a personal benefit or to cause a loss to the company. In the present case, Adler was acting in the position of the director of HIH and at the same time, also as the officer of the company that was wholly owned subsidiary of HIH. Consequently, the court stated that Adler falls under the definition of director described in s 9. The definition of director is applicable in case of Adler, although he was not appointed formally to this position in the subsidiary. The reason was that Adler had played the role of a director in the subsidiary company. He was also acting as a member of the investment committee of HIH. Under these circumstances, the court concluded that an active role was being played by Adler in the decision-making process of the company which had significant impact on the whole on a major part of the business of the corporation. The findings of the court concerning the MD of HIH, and the M.D. of HIHC, Williams were that he was also liable for the breach of duties mentioned in section 180(1). The court arrived at this conclusion on the basis of defects that Williams could not ensure that proper safeguards will present before a loan was given to PEE by HIHC. Further, the court pointed out that the financial director of HIH, Fodera was also found to be responsible for breaking these duties. This conclusion was based on the fact that Fodera did not discuss these proposals that the board, regarding during a loan of 10 million to PEE and similarly. He did not discuss it with its investment committee. Under these circumstances, the court was of the opinion that these executive directors were liable for the failure to fulfill their duties, especially when there was a failure on their part to inform the court of HIH concerning the decisions made by them. Regarding the application of the business judgment rule, it was held by the court that all these directors, Adler, Williams and Fodera were found to be responsible for the breach of their duty mentioned in s180(1). The court also stated that the defense under business judgment rule is not available to these directors. Hence these directors were not allowed to rely on this defense. It was explained by the court that in the present case, business judgment rule cannot be used by Adler. The reason given in support of this conclusion was that according to the court, Adler did not satisfy the requirements stated in s. 180(2)(b). Similarly a conflict of interest also existed in the case of the decisions made by Adler to invest 10 million i n PEE. In case of the other director, Williams, it was held by the court that business judgment rule cannot be relied upon due to the reason that he did not ensure that sufficient safeguards were in place before giving the loan. The court also pointed out that although the decision made by Williams can be described as a business judgment, but view of the fact that he was a major shareholder of HIH, and the court concluded that a personal interest was present for Williams in the business judgment which fell under the purview of s180(2)(b). The court also pointed out the words, the fact that during the trial, Williams had not provided any evidence to suggest that the judgment was made by him in good faith. In case of the other director, Fodera, the conclusion of the court was that this director cannot be allowed to rely on the business judgment rule. Reason was that Fodera failed to inform the board of the company or investment committee regarding the deal. Under these circumstances, the court held that Adler was liable for contravening the provisions of s. 181(1). Regarding the allegations that Adler had used his position in the company improperly, it was noted that as HIH's director and officer of HIHC, as well as being the director of PEE, he had used this position for a cleaning a benefit for Adler Corporation. Likewise, it was also stated in this case that the other director, Williams had also breached his duties when he allowed a loan of $10 million without informing the investment committee of HIH, which was required under the investment guidelines of the company.

John Marshall The Great Chief Justice Essay Example For Students

John Marshall: The Great Chief Justice Essay John Marshall: The Great Chief JusticeJohn Marshall was born in Fauquier County, Virginia on September 4, 1755. He was the first son of Thomas Marshall and Mary Randolph Keith. His role inAmerican history is undoubtedly a very important one.As a boy, Marshall waseducated by his father. He learned to read and write, along with some lessonsin history and poetry. At the age of fourteen, he was sent away to school, anda year later he returned home to be tutored by a Scottish pastor who lived withthe Marshall family. As a young college student, John Marshall was particularly impressed bythe lectures of professor George Wythe. Wythe was a lawyer, judge, and asigner of the constitution. Other students of professor Wythe were ThomasJefferson, John Breckinridge, and Henry Clay. Marshall became a lawyer at the age of twenty five. As Brian McGintysays about Marshall in the article, His first cases were not important, but hehandled them well and made a favorable impression on his neighbors; so favorablethat they sent him to Richmond in 1782 as a member of the Virginia House ofDelegates. He became a prominent lawyer and was on his way to a successfulfuture. Mr. Marshall worked under the administration of John Adams starting in1798. He was offered the position of attorney general under George Washingtonsadministration, but declined because he wanted to stay with his family andpractice law in his home town of Richmond, Virginia. He was one of threedelegates sent to France by John Adams in 1798. His reasoning for taking thejob in France was partly because it was only a temporary mission and alsobecause he wanted to be of service to his country, aiding in peaceful relationswith France. When he found out that France expected to be paid, he was outragedand believed they were soliciting bribery. Although the mission to France was afailure, he returned to the US a hero. Marshall was appointed to the position of secretary of state by JohnAdams in 1800. He was put in charge of foreign affairs and was often left incharge of the government when Adams was gone.Then, later that year, he wasappointed to be chief justice of the US by Adams before Thomas Jefferson tookover the presidency. Thomas Jefferson soon took office and John Marshall was now chiefjustice. Although the two were distant cousins, they held very differentpositions and belonged to opposing political parties. Jefferson believed thatthe constitution should be interpreted strictly to keep the governments powerrelatively low. In the article, Mr. McGinty sums up Marshalls views of whatgovernment should be: Marshall believed in a strong central government, in theConstitution as the key to the laws of the land, and in courts as the supremecustodians of those lawsviews that would influence his shaping of the SupremeCourt. Marshall believed that the Constitution should not be interpreted asstrict, allowing the government to become more powerful. Possibly the most important case of its time was Marbury vs. Madison in1803. In this case, John Marshalls ruling set an extremely important precident. His ruling declared that a law was unconstitutional, therefore setting aprecident giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional. Because of this ruling alone, John Marshall is a very prominent figure inAmerican history and American law, but his acheivements do not end at that. During John Marshalls life, and particularly during his reign as chief justice,the power of the judicial branch became equally powerful to the other branchesof the US government. .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06 , .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06 .postImageUrl , .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06 , .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06:hover , .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06:visited , .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06:active { border:0!important; } .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06:active , .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06 .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0826ee060254721afabe14402b186b06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mining In Space -- AIAA And New York Academy Of Sciences On December 1 EssayBiographies

In what ways are rebellions caused by the rise of new forms of collective identity Essay Example

In what ways are rebellions caused by the rise of new forms of collective identity? Essay The periods leading up to both the French and Russian revolutions were laced with relatively new and radical ideas which were calling for widespread social change. The most notable of ideas were those of the philosophes of the Enlightenment during the late 17th and 18th centuries and the communist ideals produced by Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto published in 1848. These ideas helped encourage and inform rising forms of collective identity in both countries. Collective identities, however, are also inspired and developed further by other factors and revolutions are often the result of the culmination of these elements. The most important factors which caused the rebellions in France and Russia include: the leadership of the political party or group which is calling for change, economic problems and social or political issues. There has been much historical debate over the extent to which collective identity itself causes rebellion and the debate will, no doubt, continue as there are viable arguments for and against. One fact, however, remains constant; as Gustav Le Bon discussed, the fact that crowds of disgruntled citizens will display a degree of mass madness which certainly fuels revolution to an extent.1 Historian Alan Woods also highlighted the importance of the masses in his article, The French Revolution, by saying A careful study of the French and Russian revolutions provides a complete antidote to the slander that revolutions are the work of tiny handfuls of conspirators and demagogues.2 We will write a custom essay sample on In what ways are rebellions caused by the rise of new forms of collective identity? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on In what ways are rebellions caused by the rise of new forms of collective identity? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on In what ways are rebellions caused by the rise of new forms of collective identity? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In order to explain how the rise of collective identity fits into the framework of revolution, one must first look at why people choose to become part of such groups and why they act more violently within the group dynamic than they would individually. There are a few key psychological concepts which relate to this sense of collective identity and these are completely regardless of time and place, they are simply characteristics of human nature. De-individuation is an important factor because it can cause people [to] express aggression with a viciousness that would be inconceivable if they acted in isolation3. As is the idea of group polarization where groups of people take more risks and are more willing to make extreme decisions within that group than the members would be individually. Finally, the theory of groupthink describes how a split in the group is downplayed if there is an external threat.4 These external threats and the common goal of the group are of great importance to their success in causing a rebellion to initiate their desired social or political change. These ideas are important to bear in mind when discussing the role of collective identity in causing the French and Russian revolutions. Whilst some historians claim that there is not a direct link between the Enlightenment of the late 17th and 18th centuries and the French Revolution, it has to be acknowledged that the ideas that were developed during that period did play an indirect role in causing the French Revolution of 1789 -1799. The Enlightenment created an Age of Reason which raised a lot of questions about issues including politics and the social organisation of man. Three of the key philosophes during the French Enlightenment were Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau. The latters book, Social Contract, published in 1762, was a text many of the French revolutionaries read in the period leading up to the revolution and Voltaire was the most widely read who was demanding protection from the nobility.

Simon Bolivars Crossing of the Andes

Simon Bolivar's Crossing of the Andes In 1819, the War of Independence in Northern South America was locked in a stalemate. Venezuela was exhausted from a decade of war, and patriot and royalist warlords had fought each other to a standstill. Simà ³n Bolà ­var, the dashing Liberator, conceived of a brilliant yet seemingly suicidal plan: he would take his 2,000 man army, cross the mighty Andes, and hit the Spanish where they were least expecting it: in neighboring New Granada (Colombia), where a small Spanish army held the region unopposed. His epic crossing of the frozen Andes would prove to be the most genius of his many daring actions during the war. Venezuela in 1819 Venezuela had borne the brunt of the War of Independence. Home of the failed First and Second Venezuelan Republics, the nation had suffered greatly from Spanish reprisals. By 1819 Venezuela was in ruins from the constant warring. Simà ³n Bolà ­var, the Great Liberator, had an army of some 2,000 men, and other patriots like Josà © Antonio Pez also had small armies, but they were scattered and even together lacked the strength to deliver a knockout blow to Spanish General Morillo and his royalist armies. In May, Bolà ­vars army was camped near the llanos or great plains, and he decided to do what the royalists least expected. New Granada (Colombia) in 1819 Unlike war-weary Venezuela, New Granada was ready for revolution. The Spanish were in control but deeply resented by the people. For years, they had been forcing the men into armies, extracting â€Å"loans† from the wealthy and oppressing the Creoles, afraid they might revolt. Most of the royalist forces were in Venezuela under the command of General Morillo: in New Granada, there were some 10,000, but they were spread out from the Caribbean to Ecuador. The largest single force was an army of some 3,000 commanded by General Josà © Marà ­a Barreiro. If Bolà ­var could get his army there, he could deal the Spanish a mortal blow. The Council of Setenta On May 23, Bolà ­var called his officers to meet in a ruined hut in the abandoned village of Setenta. Many of his most trusted captains were there, including James Rooke, Carlos Soublette and Josà © Antonio Anzotegui. There were no seats: the men sat on the bleached skulls of dead cattle. At this meeting, Bolà ­var told them of his daring plan to attack New Granada, but he lied to them about the route he would take, fearing they would not follow if they knew the truth. Bolà ­var intended to cross the flooded plains and then cross the Andes at the Pramo de Pisba pass: the highest of three possible entries into New Granada. Crossing the Flooded Plains Bolà ­var’s army then numbered some 2,400 men, with less than one thousand women and followers. The first obstacle was the Arauca River, upon which they traveled for eight days by raft and canoe, mostly in the pouring rain. Then they reached the plains of Casanare, which were flooded by the rains. Men waded in water up to their waists, as thick fog obscured their vision: torrential rains drenched them daily. Where there was no water there was mud: the men were plagued by parasites and leeches. The only highlight during this time was meeting up with a patriot army of some 1,200 men led by Francisco de Paula Santander. Crossing the Andes As the plains gave way to the hilly jungle, Bolà ­var’s intentions became clear: the army, drenched, battered and hungry, would have to cross the frigid Andes Mountains. Bolà ­var had selected the pass at Pramo de Pisba for the simple reason that the Spanish did not have defenders or scouts there: no one thought an army could possibly cross it. The pass peaks at 13,000 feet (almost 4,000 meters). Some deserted: Josà © Antonio Pez, one of Bolà ­vars top commanders, tried to mutiny and eventually left with most of the cavalry. Bolà ­vars leadership held, however, because many of his captains swore they would follow him anywhere. Untold Suffering The crossing was brutal. Some of Bolà ­var’s soldiers were barely-dressed Indians who quickly succumbed to exposure. The Albion Legion, a unit of foreign (mostly British and Irish) mercenaries, suffered greatly from altitude sickness and many even died from it. There was no wood in the barren highlands: they were fed raw meat. Before long, all of the horses and pack animals had been slaughtered for food. The wind whipped them, and hail and snow were frequent. By the time they crossed the pass and descended into New Granada, some 2,000 men and women had perished. Arrival in New Granada On July 6, 1819, the withered survivors of the march entered the village of Socha, many of them half-naked and barefoot. They begged food and clothing from the locals. There was no time to waste: Bolà ­var had paid a high cost for the element of surprise and had no intention of wasting it. He swiftly refitted the army, recruited hundreds of new soldiers and made plans for an invasion of Bogota. His greatest obstacle was General Barreiro, stationed with his 3,000 men at Tunja, between Bolà ­var and Bogota. On July 25, the forces met at the Battle of Vargas Swamp, which resulted in an indecisive victory for Bolà ­var. The Battle of Boyac Bolà ­var knew that he had to destroy Barreiros army before it reached Bogota, where reinforcements could reach it. On August 7, the royalist army was divided as it crossed the Boyaca River: the advance guard was in front, across the bridge, and the artillery was far to the rear. Bolivar swiftly ordered an attack. Santanders cavalry cut off the advance guard (which were the best soldiers in the royalist army), trapping them on the other side of the river, while Bolà ­var and Anzotegui decimated the main body of the Spanish force. Legacy of Bolà ­var’s Crossing of the Andes The battle lasted only two hours: at least two hundred royalists were killed and another 1,600 were captured, including Barreiro and his senior officers. On the patriot side, there were only 13 killed and 53 wounded. The Battle of Boyac was a tremendous, one-sided victory for Bolà ­var who marched unopposed into Bogota: the Viceroy had fled so swiftly that he left money in the treasury. New Granada was free, and with money, weapons, and recruits, Venezuela soon followed, allowing Bolà ­var to eventually move south and attack Spanish forces in Ecuador and Peru. The epic crossing of the Andes is Simà ³n Bolà ­var in a nutshell: he was a brilliant, dedicated, ruthless man who would do whatever it took to free his homeland. Crossing flooded plains and rivers before going over a frigid mountain pass over some of the bleakest terrain on earth was absolute madness. No one thought Bolà ­var could pull off such a thing, which made it all the more unexpected. Still, it cost him 2,000 loyal lives: many commanders would not have paid that price for victory. Sources Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Lynch, John. Simon Bolivar: A Life. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006.Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brasseys Inc., 2003.

International Finance Question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Finance Question - Coursework Example When compared to a bank loan a bond tends to give the investor better terms, in loans the bank set the interest rates where else when a company issues a bond, the company controls the interest rates (Levi, 2009). Foreign bonds are also a good method of funding expansion to other countries because they protect the firm from currency fluctuation in the country of interest. The greatest disadvantage of bonds, however, is that it will reduce the firm’s trading flexibility. This is because the firm cannot trade out of a bond that is doing well while it maintains its other holdings (Levi, 2009). The second option that a firm can explore is getting money from private investors. They provide a flexible source of capital compared to what is provided by banks and other financial institutions. Loans from private sectors are often available at low costs (Levi, 2009). Acquiring funds from private investors is a simple process when compared to banks. A firm will save a considerable amount of time and money when acquiring the loan. The disadvantage associated with this option is that private investors might ask for an ownership stake in the company, and this is not usually acceptable with many firms. The second disadvantage is that the investor may require time to consider the request; this time may not be available to the firm if the situation is of urgency (Levi,

Evolution of Public relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evolution of Public relations - Essay Example In the same way, companies felt the need for relieving the function of shareholders communication from the finance department, who lacked communication skills (McKee & Lamb, 2009). Shareholder communications were aimed at exploring the needs of the shareholders and communicate to them the best approach that firms adopt. Change in companies is caused by government intervention and the crisis in the market; inherently, this is the case with private equity industry. The current business environment is dynamic and changing making the fund investor and managers develop new strategies. There is an overhaul of the Public relations to ensure that managers receive granular information that is critical in decision making. They have aligned policies and practices to ensure that the evolving regulatory environment does not affect operations. In essence, the Public relation has become an integral part of the listed companies worldwide. Evidence shows that the industry alignment between investors and fund managers is heading towards the right path. There has been capability and process building that commensurate with the needs of the investors. However, the challenge is the ability of the regulatory overhang to influence the industry progression. McKee & Lamb (2009) says the integration of technology has been introduced in the industry to increase the role in reporting, managing, and capturing data for communication purposes. Many firms are investing in technology to meet the needs of the customers.

Collective Happiness And Individual Happiness

Collective Happiness And Individual Happiness Happiness is the concern both to the public and the philosophers. But the contradiction of individual happiness and the collective happiness is always the argument in many theories. In the view of Utilitarianism, collective happiness should be in the most significant status. In order to achieve this aim, it is worthy to sacrifice the minoritys individual happiness. But whether that is the most efficient and effective way? And in such a circumstance, whether the individual happiness can be fulfilled? The essay is talking about that under the points of Utilitarianism; the social aim is to achieve a greatest happiness for a greatest number of people. And according to this guide, as long as the action can lead to a good outcome, this action should be agreed and protected, even that is an action of killing innocent people. However, to be a human being living in such a society; the individual happiness cannot be remained because of the demand from the whole society. On the other hand, the individual happiness is the personal business which did not related with the collective happiness according to Chuang Tzu. The changes happened in outside world, no matter good or bad, are just the nature course of development. The individual wills and power cannot change it at all. The theory of Utilitarianism is talking to achieve the collective happiness, while Chuang Tzu focused on the individual happiness. But both of them are too extremely to peruse the one and abandon the other one. However there is no an original contradiction between these two happiness. The crux in it is the different understanding of the concept of collective happiness as well as the freedom to choose a happy life for individuality. In summary, there is no conflict between the collective happiness and individual happiness, and the freedom to choose constitute a part of human happiness, which will in turn help construct a happy society. The case of two patients According to the points from John Harris (1975), let us support that organ transplant procedures have been perfected; in such circumstances if two dying patients could be saved by organ transplants then, and these two patients named Y needs a new heart and Z needs a new lung. If a doctor cannot save the patients because of no spare organs in stock, no one will blame the doctor. If there are no spare organs in stock and none otherwise available, the doctors have no choice; they cannot save their patients and so must let them die. In this case we would be disinclined to say that the doctors are in any sense the cause of their patients deaths. (Harris, 1975) But if a doctor didnt save the patients in the situation of that there are other organs available. Everyone will criticize the doctor for his activity just like he has shot the patients dead. If surgeons have the requisite organs in stock and no other needy patients, but nevertheless allow their patients to die, we would be inclined to say, and be justified in saying, that the patients died because the doctors refused to save them. (Harris, 1975) These situations always happen in reality; everyone will make decisions and make some judgments following the common sense. But supposing that patients Y and Z own a chance to argue for their lives, they insist that the doctor should kill another healthy people to get the new organs for them. Although obviously that breaks the law, it is really a reasonable account in the side of the patients. They point out that if just one healthy person were to be killed his organs could be removed and both of them be saved. We and the doctors would probably be alike in thinking that such a step, while technically possible, would be out the question. (Harris, 1975) In the whole process, all of the steps seem to be justifiable. But we can find the contradiction in the difference between killing and letting die. The analysis of this case from the view of utilitarianism There are three core ideas in the theory of utilitarianism; the first one is the consequentialism. According to this first core idea, consequences are the unique standard to determine whether the activities are right or wrong. Therefore, killing people will become an action can be considered for the correct reason. There are a great many people believe that whether an action is right or wrong depends upon its consequences. So what makes something like killing another person wrong is that it is an act with a very bad consequence. (Driver, 2006) Back to the case of those two patients, the doctor killing a healthy people for the reason to save another two persons. The purpose of killing is to save life, so that the action of killing people is totally right and necessary. And in the view of utilitarianism, it suggests that we should do the things to purchase the best consequence which will have the best effects for the most people in the collectivity. Following this logic, doctor should and must kill the third the one to maintain the lives of his two patients because the number of two is greater than one. Saving two lives is meaningful to lead a good consequence, and killing one people to save another two is worthy. On the other hand, the principle of utility from the view of Bentham is also the basic of the theory utilitarianism. And both law and the individuals actions should be scrutinized according to this principle. By the principle of utility is meant that principle which approves of every action whatever, according to the tendency which it appears to have augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question; orà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to promote or to oppose that happiness. (Driver, 2006) As the result, happiness or pleasure is the basic good in this theory, and it is also the intrinsic value; but what has intrinsic disvalue is pain-that is the basic bad. (Driver, 2006) And according the view from Bentham, the pleasure or happiness can be measured along with the following parameters: Purity (how much pain is accompanied by it); Intensity (degree of pleasure); Duration (how long it will last); Fruitfulness (ability to produce further pleasure); Likelihood of any act to produce it (probability of an actions bringing about the expected consequence.) (Driver, 2006) Back to the two patients case again, using the elements to calculate that whether it will lead to a pleasure or a pain. Purity Intensity: although one life will be lose in the process to save the two patients, but the pleasure of the two patients alive is great than the pain to lost one life. Whats more, saving the two lives, their lives will be extended by sacrificing the other one, and they can create more happiness and pleasure in the rest of lives, which is what they expect. Therefore the other elements are totally matched. Under the logic of utilitarianism, a doctor killing a healthy and innocent people to save his patients is the action can be calculated to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people and avoid the pain. We can treat this case happened in a society which just has four persons-the two patients, the doctor as well as the healthy and innocent people. However this situation can be extended to the real society. Support that the whole society is a big machine which was consisted of many different components. Once some components were destroyed, and sacrificed the other one can fix these problems, we should absolutely abandon this one to maintain the whole. That is the reason in the utilitarianism to scarify the minority to achieve the majoritys happiness or pleasure. That will also construct a good society as Bentham described. A good society is constructed according to the logic of utilitarianism The definition of a good society Human being always consider to build a good society in which each people can perform his/her strengths in a professional scope; and then the society will be developed and consolidated in a high degree cooperation. For instance, a man who has talent in learning and running, but his ability of learning is better than running, while he like running more than learning. As the result, in order to make the best effect to the society and earn the most for him, this man should stay in university to be a professor rather than take part in the Olympic Game to be an athlete. From the view of utilitarianism, that is the most efficient and effective way to fulfill the aim to build a good society. Because everyone in the society will have their own talent, as long as people can be in a status which is match with their strengths, that will make the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Otherwise, live in the circumstance like that; people can earn their most happiness or pleasure. Back to the choice of that man, if he prefers an athlete to a professor, that will diminish the positive effect to the society and go against the principle of utility. But there may be a contradiction between the individuals strength and the personal choice. Maybe someones favorites are not the things which he is good at. That is a dilemma for us-whether to choose the favorite or the strength? Following the logic of Utilitarianism, we should choose to develop in the scope of our strength rather than our favorite, because that will contribute to the collectivity, and construct a good society. The human being living in such a society Living in such a good society, everyone will have their own status, just like a component working in a big machine. Although it will make the machine work smoothly, it also makes the component lose its existence value. Because when there are some new or more valuable components appear, or other parts have some problems which need the component to scarify to fix, this single one will be put away. That will be ok in a machine, but talking about the reality, it will produce lots of social problems. Also use that man as an example; he is good at learning and running, and he should choose to be a professor because he is more talent in learning than running. In order to make the society gain the maximum happiness, he have to spent all his time in learning but not any other things. This is acceptable in Utilitarianism, as well as the view from consequentialism. Although it will lead to a good consequence, the individual engage in it will become a component working in the big machine which represents the collectivity, and lose his personality, but just passively contribute himself. Give an example about that, the man spent his life to study and finally became a professor to make a greatest happiness for the collectivity, but he know nothing except learning. If he is replaced by others or there is no need of professors for the further development, this man will be abandoned because of the principle of utility. Whats more, though this mans favorite is running, but for the purpose to achieve the aim of a good society, he have to choose to learn as his life career. And that is the individuals cost for the good society. But we have to ask whether that is the unique definition of a good society? And whether there must be a contradiction between a good society and personal choice as well as individual development? Personal happiness in the view of individuality from Chuang Tzu Relative happiness and absolute happiness According to Chuang Tzus theory about individuality, happiness can be divided into two different concepts; the first one is relative happiness while the other one is absolute happiness. Relative happiness will come true when someone follows ones nature which is various from different individuals. This happiness is non-controllable because it depends on the circumstance which including nature environment as well as human condition. Therefore, each ones happiness is unique, no one should impose his or her likes and dislikes on others. Happiness is relative to the nature of each being: what may be happiness for the marquis is not the necessarily happiness for a bird; what is happiness for the duck is not happiness for the crane. (Imamichi, Wong, Liu, 1998) However there are many ways in which freedom can be obstructed, for the reason that ones happiness is not always within ones own control. On the other hand, although the relative happiness is out of individuals control, human being can also pursue the absolute happiness. The general conditions to achieve this goal is that we have proper understanding of the nature of things as well as unaffected by external things or changes as it not dependent upon them. In a word, that required us to follow the nature, but identify the nature firstly. There is another line of Taoist thought, however, which emphasizes the relativity of the nature of things and the identification of man with the universe. To achieve this identification, man needs knowledge and understanding of still a higher level, and the happiness resulting from this identification is really absolute happiness. (Fung, 1960) According to Chuang Tzu, there are two ways to achieve the absolute happiness, that is the forget(à ¥Ã‚ ¿Ã‹Å") and understand(à ¥Ã…’-), and that is also the attitude to the outside world. This attitude insists the external factors are not regarded as significant. As a result we will not be affected by the changes of the world. Furthermore, changes, good or bad from the outside society are accepted as part of the natural course of development, so that the individual activities and happiness will not and should not be affected by the outside society. He is absolutely happy, because he transcends the ordinary distinctions of things. He also transcends the distinction between the self and the world, the me and the non-me. Therefore he has no self.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦He may rule the whole world, but his rule consists of just leaving mankind alone, and letting everyone exercise his own natural ability fully and freely. (Fung, 1960) In conclusion, Chuang Tzus theory insists that happiness is totally an individual business. If someones happiness has to depend on something, thats just a relative happiness, because this man cannot control or change his own relative happiness. However, in a society, everything is related with the nature development, therefore, the absolute happiness just can come true in the condition of staying alone and living far away from the collectivity. A contradiction or a combination There is an obvious diversity between the ideas in Utilitarianism and Chuang Tzu. The theory of Utilitarianism focuses on the collective happiness which can be extended to the individual scope. While according to the view from Chuang Tzu, individual happiness will be achieved by personal choose, but no related with the collective happiness and the outside world changing. Use the man talented in learning and running to explain the difference between these two theories. On the basis of Utilitarianism, even this man prefer running to learning, he still should choose to learn to be a professor for the reason that this will make the a greatest happiness for the whole society. But it ignores his individual happiness. Besides, according to the principle from Chuang Tzu, this man should prefer to be an athlete because of his talent and interested. Even his choice will make less happiness for the society than to be a professor; he should persist in it as usual. Because no matter the society become good or bad is the nature development for individual, this should not and cannot be influenced by the personal choice, ever worse to scarify the personal happiness to satisfy the social development. The theory of Utilitarianism treats the individual happiness and the collective happiness is completely a contradiction, and requires one to scarify itself to realize the other one. But from the points of Chuang Tzu, actually there is no relationship between individual and collectivity; individual person should be loyal to his or her interest and happiness and let alone the social development which is just the nature course. The first theory treats the individual happiness and collective happiness is entirety. But the collective happiness should be put on a more important status, and the individual persons living in it is just in the status to cooperate and service for the whole society. There is a separation in the process, once there is an interest conflict between them; the individual will be given up for certain. And that is the opposing view from Chuang Tzu; individual person and collectivity is totally different and irrelevant. Although this theory gives a specific definition about the individual happiness, it makes them separate from the whole society. And there is some objective voice for this theory. If an individual person lives outside the society, he or she will lose his or her social connection and social function. That makes the individual person cannot achieve his or her happiness without a specific social circumstances. Therefore, no matter describing these two kinds of happiness as a contradiction or treating them as two independent units, there is an alternative. But there is no original contradiction between two of them, the combination of them should be an appropriate way to be consider and achieve the win-win outcome. Conclusion Happiness cannot be calculated by adding the number of lives Happiness is the consequence what human being pursues for; but there is no a specific definition of happiness. In the case of those two patients, happiness means a greater number of lives and longer lives. As the result, it is worthy to sacrifice another one to save their lives. But that will bring out another problem. If these two patients are old people, even a successful organ transplant surgery can just give them a few years of life. And unfortunately, the doctor killed a young people to gain his organs. Whether it is still a happy ending of this case? It might of course be objected that it is likely that more old people will need transplants to prolong their lives than will the young, and so the scheme would inevitably lead to a society dominated by the old. (Harris, 1975) In the situation like that, the formula of happiness is not feasible. Although a greater number of lives will remain, there is another problem come along come with itwhether the number of lives will equal to the value which these lives can create? Does the productivity of elderly people correspond to the younger people? Obviously, human being cannot be measured by the value they create. No matter the number of life or the value of life can not represent the greatest happiness which the theory of Utilitarianism talking about. Because each people in the society are unique, the value of this life is incomparable. As the result, the happiness cannot be measured by the number of lives in a society. The freedom to choose constitutes a part of human happiness, which will in turn help construct a happy society. The freedom to choose is a part of personality as well as a part of individual happiness. In the case of those two patients, both the doctor and the innocent have no choice because of saving the two dying patients. That is the same with the talented man. Superficially the man has free choices, but under the requirement of a greatest happiness, actually this man can just choose to be a professor to create the most goods for the society. In a word, that is no choice. According to the view of the Chuang Tzu, the freedom of individual people should be protected because that did not relate to any other one or the outside world which is considered the nature course of development. Although both of the ideas from these two theories seem too extreme, they also can give us a concept about collective happiness and individual happiness. Thinking too much about the collective interest and happiness will make the individual lose their freedom to choose. This will construct a society in which the individual people have to shoulder a heavy burden, because he or she cannot freely plan his or her life, but have to follow the social demand. Or the people living in such a society will be the next one to be victims to sacrifice for the collective happiness that will make individual people live in a nervous circumstance. In addition, individual happiness cannot be achieved without interacting with others in the society. Because only in the society and the relationship among people can create the circumstance for the people to plan their lives and fulfill the individual happiness. There is no conflict between the individual happiness and the collective happiness The individual happiness and the collective happiness are closed connected; each of them cannot be come true without the other one. In general idea, a collective happiness is represented by the amount of wealthy and the quality of peoples life. But that is just one elements of happiness, the other one as well as the more significant one is the freedom choice of the individual person. Although the freedom choice of person may not maintain the wealthy of the whole society, it will guarantee the quality of life which has divers understanding of different people. Also using the talented man as an instance, if this man has the freedom to choose what he really wants but not to follow the demand of the society, this will lead him to reach the maximum individual happiness. If this man chooses to be an athlete and join in the Olympic Game, maybe he can never be a champion, but the process to achieve this dream is the greatest happiness for this man. Whats more, that is also the process to constitute the collective happiness. In a word, the freedom to choose and fulfill individual happiness can also construct a happiness society. The happiness here is so different from the general happiness. This happiness cannot be calculated by the number of lives and the amount of social wealthy, but was accumulated by the individual happiness. And that is also the most stable and developed happiness both to collectivity and individuality.